The Ethics Of The California Penal Code Essay - 1542 Words

California Penal Code; 187 is very well known, refers to murder. Murder is defined as the unlawful killing of a human being, or a fetus, with malice aforethought. Indeed, we the people like to question every law to know the punishment. Murder has different levels accompanied with different scenarios. Throughout this paper, I will be discussing and analyzing the following: degrees of murder, Felony Murder Rule, and manslaughter. In the United States the degrees of murder were created by legislatures. Pennsylvania was the first state to depart from common law in 1794, that divided murder into first and second degree. (Samaha, pp333). The elements of common law murder are: actus reus voluntary act of killing another person, mens rea express or implied malice aforethought, circumstances 1. victim reasonable person or human being and 2. all person except alien enemy in times of war, all lead to the harm (Samaha, 2015). The elements of modern law are actus reus, mens rea, causation, death , and attendant circumstances if any. First-degree murder is the only crime in which the death penalty can be imposed, consisting of premeditated, deliberate intent to kill murders, and felony murders. First-degree has to be willfully committed meaning the intent to kill, purposely, knowingly, and at common law a specific intent. In this degree atrocious means wicked, cruel, or brutal and heinous means hateful. They are important terms that help define the punishment. First-degree murderShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Management and Operations Paper1316 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstand the functions of each level of policing. Local policing agencies enforce state penal codes and local municipal codes and ordinances of the areas they occupy. Whenever any crime or unlawful activity takes place, a complaint is lodged and police officers respond to the scene of crime as soon as possible. Contrary whenever officers working patrol see a crime in-progress or a violation of city codes the officer stops and addresses the issue. Local police look after the safety of the neighborhoodRead MoreThe Health Care Team Who Is Responsible For Providing Basic Nursing Care1186 Words   |  5 Pagesnurse has to work within their scope of practice; however, patients are the main priority into their working environment. LVN are required to work under the supervision of Physician and RN’s. Nurses are bound by the guidelines, regulations, and code of ethics and they must follow them. LVN scope of practice includes assessment (data collection), planning, implementation, patient education, and evaluation. LVN can perform al l these practices under the supervision of RN or physician. Assessment hasRead MoreSocial Workers Code Of Ethics1110 Words   |  5 PagesSocial worker’s code of ethics â€Å"is to enhance human well-being and help meet the basic human needs of all people, with particular attention to the needs and empowerment of people who are vulnerable, oppressed, and living in poverty† (NASW Code of Ethics). In the lobbying days with social workers, we introduced three bills that are very important in our community, mainly our most vulnerable population whose power has been taken away by the superior groups. Unfortunately, many of this bills and lawsRead MoreThe Campus Of The University Of California1764 Words   |  8 PagesOverview: On the campus of the University of California, Tatiana Tarasoff was killed by Prosenjit Poddar just two months after being detained by campus police for making such threats in a counseling session. According to Public Health Law, Poddar expressed that he was going to carry out the action of murder during two different counseling sessions, which his psychologist, Dr. Moore, had no choice but to have him detained. He was released after promising to stay away from Tarasoff, however, he followedRead MoreThe Collaborative Conversation ( Flemons Gralnik )1886 Words   |  8 Pagesdiscussed within the therapeutic relationship are confidential. In the State of California it is illegal to aid and abet suicide, but not illegal to attempt self harm or suicide (California Penal Code 401., 2015).  Ã‚  California Civil Code 1024, (NCSL, 2015), states that there is no privilege if a licensed clinician believes that the client is dangerous to themselves or to others.  Ã‚  Therefore, in the S tate of California, if a client is believed to be at risk of themselves, then the confidentiality ofRead MoreThe Ethics Of Eating Meat : Eating Animals By Jonathan Safran Foer1056 Words   |  5 PagesWhile researching books for the major project, I stumbled upon a book over the ethics of eating meat: Eating Animals by Jonathan Safran Foer, published on November 2, 2009. Coming from a rural, agrarian background, my curiosity about why anyone in his right mind would want to become a vegetarian grew immensely when I discovered the book. Foer’s main audience appears to be those on the fence about whether to eat meat or those uninformed about factory farming. This book was not meant for individualsRead MoreWords Printed Under The Part-Time Job Section Of A Local1886 Words   |  8 Pagesprisoner affected a person. Additionally, this study was designed to see how power, even while simulated, could change someone, turning them away from a fixed set of morals. In fact, experiments like this would not pass any of the ethics codes set in the past twenty years (Ethics Code, American Psychological Association). The intentions of this experiment were initially innocent, but as each day passed, the subjects – more so in the case of the prisoners – endured extreme psychological and physiologicalRead MoreThe Career Profession Of A Police Officer Essay1515 Words   |  7 Pagestheir surroundings and in their communities. I feel that you should be able to feel safe in your own surroundings and be protected by the law when something goes wrong. A high school diploma, G.E.D. or equivalent from a U.S. Institution, or a California High School Proficiency Examination (CHSPE) certificate is required (JoinLAPD). Or a two-year or a four-year college degree from an accredited U.S. or foreign institution may be substituted for the high school requirement. I have graduated fromRead MoreHewlett Packard Scandal s Internal And External Stakeholders Essay2131 Words   |  9 Pagesidentify ethical violations that are committed by individuals on a personal level in business organizations. Brief History of Hewlett-Packard Hewlett-Packard (HP) was founded by William Hewlett and David Packard in a small garage in Palo Alto, California in 1939 and grew into a successful company that provided leading technological innovations. HP grew into a global, high-tech company specializing in developing and manufacturing information technology (IT) including personal computers, industryRead MoreRights and Status of Illegitimate Child, with Reference to Islam and Pakistan2225 Words   |  9 Pages Chapter three: Defense for the Rights of Illegitimate Child†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 Chapter four: Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦7 Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦.8 Bibliogrophy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Abstract According to section 338 and 338 B of Pakistan’s penal code, induced abortion (Isqat-Hamal and Isqat-e-Jnain) is strongly prohibited by the law, except in the case where mother’s life is in danger [1]. So, with the implications of the law there is a condition to give birth to every child, either it is the

Climate Change And Its Impacts On The Environment - 935 Words

Over the past few decades, the world has rapidly deteriorated in terms of the environment. There are numerous factors that contribute to the deterioration of the earth and one significant factor is due to the issues of climate change. Majority of environmental as well as social scientist that cares about the world defines climate change as the primary source of global risk since it could have severe impacts on the future generations. In addition, the general meaning of the term ‘climate change’ is defined as the change in regional or global climate patterns and it is mainly caused by human activities such as deforestation and emission of harmful gases that pollutes the environment. The future generations are affected in a way that survivability in the world would be tougher and lifestyle would be different compared to the present. In the following essay, climate change will be discussed by relating it to the issue of sustainable development as well as identifying several implications of a continued â€Å"Business as Usual† approach and concluding by providing several objectives and alternatives to improve sustainability of the world. Before continuing towards the discussion of the connection between climate change and sustainability, the term ‘sustainable development’ or ‘sustainability’ will be explained first. The term ‘sustainable development’ is relatively similar with the term ‘sustainability’ and both can be interpreted from variety of aspects. Due to the work of WorldShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Climate Change On The Environment1652 Words   |  7 PagesBiodiversity is one of many areas impacted by climate change. Species and ecosystem modeling has shown that there are potential changes that can occur certain key biodiversity sectors (McMahon et al., 2011). Researchers have created analysis on how changes in climate and levels of CO2 can impact different structures of vegetation and their function, including productivity in growth (Scheiter Higgins, 2008), ecosystem-based adaptation approaches and conservation plans (Cowling Egoh, 2007). ThereRead MoreImpact Of Climate Change On The Environment1338 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Climate change is an issue that is currently threatening the entire world, it is occurring as a result of human activity intensifying the greenhouse effect and concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, resulting in negative changes to the global climate (Lohmann, 2002). Tourism is particularly vulnerable to the direct and indirect impacts of climate change as the climate influences the appeal, attractiveness and suitability of a destination (Rutty Scott, 2014). Moore (2010)Read MoreClimate Change And Its Impact On The Environment Essay1433 Words   |  6 PagesWith the increasingly growing concern of climate change and its impact on the environment, it is reasonable to ask how the environment will affect Earth s living organisms, from the small to the big (Freitas et al., 2015). Fish are poikilothermic organisms, meaning their body temperature is susceptible to and easily influenced by external environmental changes. The metabolic rate, defined as the total chemical activi ty in an organism, also changes with body temperature (Pfluegl 2014). These factorsRead MoreThe Impact Of Climate Change In Australia And The Environment1549 Words   |  7 Pagesfor the agriculture business sector. However, there may be additional information included to help support our findings. Presently the agriculture system is already struggling with the increased demand for food and renewable energy. Now with the climate change issues of temperature increases, raised sea levels, the issues of water scarcity, pollution, and soil degradation are also now playing a large factor in today’s struggles. Small differences in weather or more specifically temperature can affectRead MoreThe Impact Of Climate Change On The Health And Welfare Of People And The Environment2203 Words   |  9 PagesClimate change. A phrase that encompasses a vast wealth of information, the totality of which is difficult to fathom let alone concisely elaborate upon in a condensed format such as a course or writing assignment. Through this course, the interconnectedness with which humans influence the balance of climate change is abundantly clear. Ecosystems plants and animals depend on are all connected and influencing one another but these scales are imbalanced, mostly as a result of human activities. TheRead MoreEssay on Global Warming: Impact of Climate Change on the Environment2327 Words   |  10 Pagesplace, country, city, region has its own climate. Climate plays one of the important roles in people’s life. Climate is defined as the average weather, which means variety of weather conditions as rain, snow, hail, sun, and wind over period of time about 30 years that can be measured in any particular place.( IPCC Third Assessment Report - Climate Change 2001; editor:A.P.Baede) Climate change is a variation of average weather. There are 2 causes of climate change. The first is human activity which includesRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On Food Production17 18 Words   |  7 Pageseffects of climate change is Queensland (Queensland Climate Change Centre of Excellence, 2010, page 23). Queensland has one of the world’s highest rates of greenhouse gas emissions per capita, which has only continued to increase over the last decade (Queensland Climate Change Centre of Excellence, 2010, page 23). The last decade was the warmest recorded in Queensland’s history, with temperatures being 0.58 degrees Celcius higher than the average for the past four decades (Queensland Climate Change CentreRead MoreThe Impact of International Tourism on Global Environmental Change1429 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction International tourism can now be recognised as one of the biggest contributing sectors for many countries’ GDP. Moreover, it has transformed them in many aspects such as economic, socio-culture, and environment. International tourism involves activity of inbound and outbound tourist of a country and resident or non-resident visitors within the country (World Tourism Organisation 2014). The World Tourism Organisation has predicted the growth of tourism activities to increase by an averageRead MoreThe Issue Of Global Climate Change957 Words   |  4 Pages If the issue of global climate change is not addressed properly, it will create enormous economic challenges that will create huge price tags on the global economy; that is why we need to give much attention by proposing international policy because it will bolster cooperation between countries and international organizations by formulating policies for the general good of society. Climate change plays a key role in our day to day activities. The changes in climate will affect our movement, healthRead MoreEducation of the Environment1358 Words   |  6 Pagesrun researching climate change and the affects of those changes are becoming increasing evident as time passes. These changes are being observed in every aspect of the environment whether that includes water sources, farmland, or even human lives itself. The issues related with a changing climate are continually becoming more important within the everyday life of Americans, but with that also comes the critics that are under the assumption that it is all a hoax and that the changes experienced are

Graphene Replaced with Copper Free Essays

string(89) " work with fellow researchers Yinxiao Yang, Kevin Brenner, Thomas Beck and James Meindl\." Graphene replaced with copper Graphene nanoribbons have a current-carrying capacity two orders of magnitude higher than copper Recent research into the properties of graphene nanoribbons provides two new reasons for using the material for interconnects in future computer chips. In widths as narrow as 16 nm, graphene has a current-carrying capacity approximately a thousand times greater than copper while providing improved thermal conductivity. The current-carrying and heat-transfer measurements were reported by a team of researchers from the Georgia Institute of Technology (Atlanta, GA). We will write a custom essay sample on Graphene Replaced with Copper or any similar topic only for you Order Now The same team had previously reported measurements of resistivity in graphene that suggest the material’s conductance would outperform that of copper in future generations of nanometer-scale interconnects. The graphene nanoribbons have a current-carrying capacity two orders of magnitude higher than copper at these size scales, according to Raghunath Murali, a senior research engineer at Georgia Tech. {draw:frame} Composed of thin layers of graphite, graphene has been studied by the Georgia Tech team as a potential replacement for copper in on-chip interconnects wires. The graphene nanoribbons have a current-carrying capacity of more than 108 A/cm2, which makes them very robust in resisting electromigration and should greatly improve chip reliability. This electromigration phenomenon causes transport of material, especially at high-current density and leads to a break in the wire and, consequently, chip failure. The research team also discovered that the graphene nanoribbons also have excellent thermal conductivity properties and can conduct heat away from devices. They found that graphene nanoribbons have a thermal conductivity of more than 1,000 W/m Kelvin for structures less than 20 nm wide. This will help the interconnects serve as heat spreaders in future generations of integrated circuits, according to Murali. They used electron beam lithography to construct four electrode contacts, then used lithography to fabricate devices consisting of parallel nanoribbons of widths ranging between 16 and 52 nm and lengths of between 0. 2 and 1  µm. The breakdown current density of the nanoribbons was then studied by slowly applying an increasing amount of current to the electrodes on either side of the parallel nanoribbons. A drop in current flow indicated the breakdown of one or more of the nanoribbons. In the study of 21 test devices, the researchers found that the breakdown current density of graphene nanoribbons has a reciprocal relationship to the resistivity. Because graphene can be patterned using conventional chip-making processes, manufacturers could make the transition from copper to graphene without a drastic change in chip fabrication. The data they developed so far look very promising for using this material as the basis for future on-chip interconnects. Visit www. youtube. com/watch? v=kd6zzwhfEqw to view a video explaining graphene’s thermal-conductivity capabilities. Though one of graphene’s key properties is reported to be ballistic transport—meaning electrons can flow through it without resistance—the material’s actual conductance is limited by factors that include scattering from impurities, line-edge roughness and from substrate phonons—vibrations in the substrate lattice. Use of graphene interconnects could help facilitate continuing increases in integrated circuit performance once features sizes drop to approximately 20 nanometers, which could happen in the next five years, researchers said. At that scale, the increased resistance of copper interconnects could offset performance increases, meaning that without other improvements, higher density wouldn’t produce faster integrated circuits. This is not a roadblock to achieving scaling from one generation to the next, but it is a roadblock to achieving increased performance. Dimensional scaling could continue, but because we would be giving up so much in terms of resistivity, we wouldn’t get a performance advantage from that. That’s the problem we hope to solve by switching to a different materials system for interconnects Survey in graphene replaced with copper PORTLAND, Ore. —Graphene will carry nearly 1,000-times more current and run over 10-times cooler than conventional copper interconnects below 22-nanometer line widths, according to researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech). The speed (electron mobility) of graphene has already been touted as better than copper, but this Georgia Tech data on nanoribbons as small as 16-nanometers quantifies just how superior carbon is to copper. The graphene nanoribbons tested at Georgia Tech could carry as much as 10 billion amps per square centimeter—nearly a thousand times greater than copper. â€Å"No one had measured graphene’s current carrying capacity before this,† said Raghunath Murali, a senior research engineer in Georgia Tech’s Nanotechnology Research Center. One possible reason that this property of graphene was not touted before is that there were no experimental results until our work. † The superior current carrying capability of carbon formed into graphene nanoribbons is also combined with less heat build-up, since carbon’s thermal conductivity is much higher than copper. Nanoribbons have a thermal conductivity of 1,000-to-5000 watts per meter Kelvin—ten time s greater than copper. The Georgia Tech researchers also claim that graphene nanoribbons will mitigate electro-migration which is an increasing problem for copper as line widths descend to the nanoscale. If the current carried through a wire is close to the current-carrying capacity of the wire, then the chances of electromigration are greater than if the current in the wire is much smaller than the current-carrying capacity,† said Murali. â€Å"Graphene has over two orders of magnitude greater capacity than copper, thus if a graphene wire is compared to a copper wire carrying the same current, then the graphene wire will better resist electromigration. † Murali’s team obtained their graphene samples by removing layers from a graphite block and depositing them on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer. E-beam lithograhy was used to construct the metal contacts and cut the parallel lines of graphene into lines 16-to-52 nanometers wide and 200-to-1000 nanometers long. There are three hurdles remaining to commercialization of carbon interrconnects, according to the researchers at Georgia Tech: perfecting methods of growing monolayers of graphene over entire wafers (since today only small centimeter-sized areas can be easiliy grown in monolayers), fabricating vias to interrconnect graphene nanowires, and integration of carbon into the back-end of process on a CMOS line. Murali performed the work with fellow researchers Yinxiao Yang, Kevin Brenner, Thomas Beck and James Meindl. You read "Graphene Replaced with Copper" in category "Papers" This research was funded by the Semiconductor Research Corporation, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the Interconnect Focus Center, the Nanoelectronics Research Initiative and the Institute for Nanoelectronics Discovery and Exploration (INDEX). Replacing silicon {draw:frame} Silicon transisitors are approaching the point where further miniturization will no longer be possible. It is expected that once silicon transistors reach 16nm size, optical lithography will no longer be capable of making smaller images. Thus, unless all preogress in transistor size is terminated and performance improvements are limited to processor architecture alone, it is very likely that chip manufacturers will move to graphene as a way to get smaller transisitors. One example is that graphene transistors are very â€Å"leaky† compared to those made of silicon- that is, more charge can escape from them. This means that graphene chips are likely to run much hotter than silicon chips. Graphene has several very appealing traits. Electrons meet much less resistance from graphene than they do from silicon, traveling through it more than 100 times as easily. And because graphene is essentially a two-dimensional material, building smaller devices with it and controlling the flow of electricity within them are easier than with three-dimensional alternatives like silicon transistors. The finding underscores graphene’s potential for serving as an excellent electronic material, such as silicon, that can be used to develop new kinds of transistors based on quantum physics. Because they encounter no obstacles, the electrons in graphene roam freely across the sheet of carbon, conducting electric charge with extremely low resistance. The research team, led by Chun Ning (Jeanie) Lau, found that the electrons in graphene are reflected back by the only obstacle they meet: graphene’s boundaries. â€Å"These electrons meet no other obstacles and behave like quantum billiard balls. â€Å"They display properties that resemble both particles and waves. † when the electrons are reflected from one of the boundaries of graphene, the original and reflected components of the electron can interfere with each other, the way outgoing ripples in a pond might interfere with ripples reflected back from the banks. he â€Å"electronic interference† by measuring graphene’s electrical conductivity at extremely low (0. 26 Kelvin) temperatures. She explained that at such low temperatures the quantum properties of electrons can be studied more easily. The electrons in graphene can display wave-like properties, which could lead to interesting applications such as ballistic transistors, which is a new type of tr ansistor, as well as resonant cavities for electrons, that a resonant cavity is a chamber, like a kitchen microwave, in which waves can bounce back and forth. Scientifically, it has become a new odel system for condensed-matter physics, the branch of physics that deals with the physical properties of solid materials. Graphene enables table-top experimental tests of a number of phenomena in physics involving quantum mechanics and relativity. Bearing excellent material properties, such as high current-carrying capacity and thermal conductivity, graphene ideally is suited for creating components for semiconductor circuits and computers comparing with silicon. Its planar geometry allows the fabrication of electronic devices and the tailoring of a variety of electrical properties. Because it is only one-atom thick, it can potentially be used to make ultra-small devices and further miniaturize electronics. Image shows graphene, which can act as an atomic-scale billiard table, with electric charges acting as billiard balls. (Credit: Lau lab, UC-Riverside) Silicon has been the main ingredient in microchips since they replaced vacuum tubes in electronics. But the common element graphene, found in pencils, may one day supplant silicon on the billion-dollar foundries of IBM, Intel and AMD. Graphene shares the characteristics that make silicon so ubiquitous, not just in computers and cell phones, but in such applications as medical and aviation sensors, ultrahigh-frequency analog electronics for preparing signals for fiber-optic transmission or for radars. Graphene can do what silicon can, only better. Graphene has extraordinary electron-transport properties; its monolayer thickness yields exquisite sensitivity to changes in environment, and its mechanical and thermal properties equal or exceed those of the best conventional materials. The superior properties of graphene and graphene-related materials present an extraordinary opportunity for enabling new classes of electronic, optoelectronic and electromechanical devices and sensors The first commercial use for graphene may be as an electrical coating for LCD screens, solar cells, and touch screens. Thin, transparent, extremely conductive, and strong, it seems ideal for the job. ONE OF THE APPLICATION Graphene Quilts to Keep Things Cool December 21, 2009 {draw:frame} Graphene University of California, Riverside (UCR) Professor of Electrical Engineering and Chair of Materials Science and Engineering Alexander Balandin is leading several projects to explore ways to use the unique capabilities of graphene â€Å"quilts† as heat conductors in high-power electronics. Graphene is a recently discovered single-atom-thick carbon crystal, which reveals many unique properties. In Balandin’s designs, graphene â€Å"quilts† (large-area overlapping networks of graphene flakes) will play quite an opposite role of your grandma’s quilts. They will remove heat instead of retaining it. His work on graphene heat-conducting coats for heat removal from high-power gallium-nitride transistors is being funded by a recently awarded $420,000 grant from U. S. Office of Naval Research (ONR). It aims at an experimental proof-of-concept demonstration to be conducted in Balandin’s Nano-Device Laboratory (NDL). In addition to the ONR grant, Balandin received a new three-year subcontract with the Interconnect Focus Center (IFC), based at the Georgia Institute of Technology, that deals with graphene interconnects and heat spreaders for three-dimensional (3-D) electronics. According to the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, in the next five years, up to 80 percent of microprocessor power will be consumed by the interconnect wiring—a driver for the search for new interconnect materials and innovative methods of heat removal. Another recent subcontract awarded to Balandin is with the Functional Engineered Nano Architectonics (FENA) center based at UCLA. In this center, he investigates the problems of energy dissipation in graphene nanostructures and nanodevices. Combined new funding secured by Balandin this month for the three projects exceeds $1 million. The centers’ funding comes from the Semiconductor Research Corporation (SRC) and Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA). Because graphene is only one molecule thick, it didn’t lend itself to traditional methods of thermal conductivity measurement. Balandin led a team of researchers that first measured it using an original non-conventional technique in 2008. The procedure involved a non-contact approach on the basis of Raman spectroscopy utilizing the inelastic scattering of photons (light) by phonons (crystal vibrations). The power dissipated in graphene and corresponding temperature rise were detected by extremely small shifts in the wavelength of the light scattered from graphene. That was sufficient to extract the values of the thermal conductivity through an elaborate mathematical procedure. Balandin’s research group discovered that the thermal conductivity of large suspended graphene sheets varies in the range from about 3000 to 5300 W/mK (watts per meter per degree Kelvin) near room temperature. These are very high values, which exceed those of carbon nanotubes (3,000-3,500 W/mK) and diamond (1,000-2,200 W/mK). As a result of his findings, Balandin has proposed several innovative graphene-based approaches for thermal management , which might lead to creation of a new technology for local cooling and hot-spot spreading in the high-power-density and ultra-fast chips. A detailed description of Balandin’s graphene and thermal management research can be found in his invited popular science article, â€Å"Chill Out,† in the October 2009 issue of IEEE Spectrum, the magazine of the The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE). How to cite Graphene Replaced with Copper, Papers

Health and Disability Commissioner Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Health and Disability Commissioner. Answer: LO1 The Health and Disability Commissioner has been established as a crown entity in NZ for the purpose of protecting and promoting the rights of consumers taking health and disability services as well as for the facilitation of simple, fair, efficient and speedy resolution of any issues raised by them. The body has been established through the provisions of the Health and Disability Commissioner Act 1994. In the light of the purpose of the body there are a few express functions it carries out throughout the county in the field of heath care. The body has the function of promoting by publicity and education, observance of and respect for the rights of disability and health services consumers and specifically towards the promotion of awareness in consumers of health and disability services as well as providers of such services about the rights of the consumers and how such rights can be enforced by them. It is also the function of the body to publish reports and make public statements wit h respect to matters affecting the rights of consumers in health and disability sector which also incorporates reports and statements promoting compliance with and an understanding of the provisions of the Act and the professional code of conduct. The body functions as the first platform where complaints are received from heath care providers and ensures that the complaints are properly addressed. The body has the function of investigating on a complaint made by the consumer and identifies the breaches in relation to Code of Health and Disability Services Consumers Rights 1996. The body establishes guidelines in relation to the operation of advocacy services. The body also refers investigations and complaints to Director of Proceedings so that a future course of action can be identified. The body also has the power and functions of suggesting a person in relation to any matter regarding their interest in the health and disability services. The body makes recommendations from time to time in relation Minister of Health with respect to the Code. Any functions which have been authorized by the minister are also to be performed by the body. Another body which operates in relation to healthcare in UK is the Human Rights Review Tribunal. In this tribunal a claim can be initiated against a government agency or a person by any aggrieved party or The Office of Human Rights Proceedings. The Director of Human Rights Proceedings may also bring a proceeding before the tribunal. The representation is only made when it is not contrary to public interest or the issue has a question oflaw to be addressed. Actions can be brought by the claimant themselves if the directors do not wish to represent the proceeding. Proceedings which are brought against health practitioners in NZ are heard by the Health Practitioners Disciplinary Tribunal. The administration of the body is done through the Ministry of health and in it scope includes doctors, nurses, dentists, chiropractors and osteopaths. The tribunal had been established through the Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act 2003 s. 84 (legislation.govt.nz 2018). LO2 Healthcare services are subjected to both civil andcriminal law provisions. Civil law and criminal law are different from one another based on several aspects such as penalties, person bring the suit and standard and burden of proof required. The purpose ofcivil law is to address disputes which arise between organizations, individuals, or between both where the primary motive is awarding compensation to the aggrieved party for losses. On the other hand criminal law deals with legal punishment of criminal conduct and criminal activities. Criminal law has the purpose of ensuring stability within the society and the country by methods of punishments to deter the wrongdoers to commit to such activities in the future. When it comes to civil law a claim is filed by an individual or an organization however in terms of criminal law the plaintiff is the government. The jury may not provide an unanimous opinion in terms of civil law and are present mostly in criminal cases. When decision are p rovided in relation to a civil claim the wrongdoer may be prosecuted as being liable or not liable on the other hand in case of a criminal claim the offender is addressed as guilty or not guilty. One of the most important differences in relation to civil and criminal law is in relation to the standard of proof. When it comes to civil law the standard of proof required is "Preponderance of evidence." This means that the plaintiff has to provide proof before the court which provides the claim to be beyond balance of probability. In criminal law however the standards of proof is different, here the claimant has to provide evidence which makes the claim beyond reasonable doubt (Rakoff Goldstein, 2017). This means that there can be no reasonable doubt that the defendant has not committed the crime. From the analysis of the medication error case it is can be stated that the case is evidently of a civil nature. This is because in the parties involved are the hospital and the family of the deceased person. There was not actions which had been committed by the RN intentionally thus the Mens Rea required to formulate a criminal activity is not present (Healy, 2016). In this case the nurse failed to provide proper medication to the deceased person because of a presuming that the doctor had made a typing error in relation to the power of the medicine. She further breached few other provisions of the code by not documenting the advice of the medical staff and not informing them about the EWS score of the patient. In the given situation as the breach of code involved civil penalties it can be stated that the case is of a civil nature and not criminal. In addition in this case the decision which had been provided by the commissioner was to provide further training to the RN and issue a letter of apology. These penalties imposed are also of a civil nature. In addition the commissioner had to determine whether the RN was liable or not and not whether she is guilty or not guil ty (hdc.org.nz , 2018). Thus the case is a civil claim. LO3 Through the analysis of the case in relation to the medication error it has been identified that the case was primarily of a civil natures. The laws which are in place for the purpose of governing the actions of staff involved in health care are provided through a few legislation and codes of practices (Furrow et al., 2014). The provisions which associated with such case is the Code of Health and Disability Services Consumers' Rights which has been established through the Health and Disability Commissioner Act. The code provides that consumers of healthcare have rights and providers of healthcare have duties. The fourth right provided by the code is the Right to services of an appropriate standard. This means that the consumers are provided with a right to be treated with reasonable skill and care, the health care providers have to act in compliance with professional and legal standards, services needs to be provided in relation to the needs of the consumer and healthcare providers s hould work to minimize any potential risks to the consumer and enhance their quality of life (Forrester and Griffiths, 2014). The code provides rights to the consumers which are similar to that of in the law of negligence relating to a duty to act with reasonableness towards those who can be harmed by the actions of the individual. It is further provided through the code that a service provider would be held not to have violated the code if reasonable actions have been taken by him in the circumstances which existed in order to ensure compliance with the code. However there is no specific provisions which are present to determine this reasonability such as the objective test which is present in relation to the tort of negligence. One good thing about the code from the perspective of the consumers is that the burden of proof is on the service providers (Hall et al., 2018). Healthcare is a sector where a little negligence and non compliance may result in dire circumstances for the plaintiff (Perlin, Dorfman Weinstein, 2018). If the services providers observe any form of negligence in terms of the healthcare consumers, the consumers may even die as it was seen in the present case. Thus in this situation civil penalties are not adequate and it requires intervention of the government and criminal law to punish those whose actions are causing significant harm to the others (Mikula, Abraham Townshend, 2017). Civil penalties such as retraining or apology letter are definitely not adequate to compensate the loss faced by the plaintiff and the family. As per the law of negligence any loss is reasonably foreseeable and has been caused has to be compensated by the wrongdoer. These principles should also be applied in consumer rights in relation to healthcare. In addition the healthcare providers have to be punished with criminal penalties in case of a serious b reach so that further occurrence of such an act is deterred. LO4 My occupation is of a nurse working in a hospital. The occupation is registered in nature. There have been various lessons learnt by me from analyzing the case which would have an impact on my current and future professional practice. As a registered nurse there are several laws which I need to comply with in relation to my practice including Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act 2003 and Code of Health and Disability Services Consumers Rights 1996. Any of my practice which is not of a competent standard may be brought before the health practitioners disciplinary tribunal which has been established under section 84 of the HPCAA. The HPCAA provides procedures and regulations which need to be followed and complied with me respectively when indulging in healthcare practices. All certificates and competency level along with fitness while practicing and quality assurance have to be maintained by me under Part 2 and 3 of the HPCAA. I also got to know through the analysis that there are significant rights and duties which are provided to the consumers and imposed on health practitioners by the Code. According to the code the consumers have the right to be treated with respect in relation to their privacy, values and belief of people belonging to different cultures. The consumers are provided with the right to be free from any form of exploitation, harassment, coercion and discrimination and thus I must refrain from such conduct at any cost in relation to my practice. Consumers are provided a right to independence and dignity and thus I need to provide them the services in a way here their independence and dignity is respected. It is also the right of the consumers under law to provide with services which are of a relevant and appropriate standard. In the present case this right was at issue and the RN failed to observe appropriate standards in relation to the services provided to the victim. She was negligent in her actions which cannot be tolerated from a professional in a healthcare profession. I need to therefore ensure that I do not indulge in any of such mistakes in relation to my present and future practices as a registered healthcare practitioner (Forrester and Griffiths 2014). The law imposes an obligation on me to provide my best efforts while discharging my duties and I have come to know though the case analyses that I may be prosecuted for any negligence committed by me which is not a result of reasonableness. I also have to effectively notify the consumers through the help of proper communication means about any information which may be relevant to them from current and future situation and a failure to do so would result in the violation of the code. I also have to respect the rights of the consumers to be totally informed about the treatment which is to be provided to them and must not compromise in any way with such rights. Thus the most important implicat ion of the above discussed case and legislation is that if rights of consumers are not respected then legal consequences may arise in current and future practices. References Code of Health and Disability Services Consumers Rights 1996 Forrester, K. and Griffiths, D., 2014.Essentials of Law for Health Professionals-eBook. Elsevier Health Sciences. Furrow, B., Greaney, T., Johnson, S., Jost, T., Schwartz, R. (2014).Health law. West Academic. Hall, M. A., Orentlicher, D., Bobinski, M. A., Bagley, N., Cohen, I. G. (2018).Health care law and ethics. Wolters Kluwer Law Business. Health and Disability Commissioner Act 1994 Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act 2003 Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act 2003 No 48 (as at 07 March 2017), Public Act Health Practitioners Disciplinary Tribunal New Zealand Legislation. (2018). Legislation.govt.nz. Retrieved 16 March 2018, from https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2003/0048/latest/DLM203891.html Healy, J., 2016.Improving health care safety and quality: reluctant regulators. Routledge. Mikula, A. V., Abraham, S., Townshend, G. (2017).Health care law: a practical guide. LexisNexis. Perlin, M. L., Dorfman, D., Weinstein, N. (2018). 'On Desolation Row': The Blurring of the Borders Between Civil and Criminal Mental Disability Law, and What It Means For All of Us. Rakoff, J. S., Goldstein, H. W. (2017).RICO: Civil and Criminal Law and Strategy. Law Journal Press. Search decisions - Health and Disability Commissioner. (2018). Hdc.org.nz. Retrieved 16 March 2018, from https://www.hdc.org.nz/decisions/search-decisions/2017/15hdc01664/